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. For (a) that which is true of a
whole class and is said to hold good as a whole (which implies that it
is a kind whole) is true of a whole in the sense that it contains many
things by being predicated of each, and by all of them, e.g. man,
horse, god, being severally one single thing, because all are living
things. But (b) the continuous and limited is a whole, when it is a
unity consisting of several parts, especially if they are present only
potentially, but, failing this, even if they are present actually.
Of these things themselves, those which are so by nature are wholes in
a higher degree than those which are so by art, as we said in the case
of unity also, wholeness being in fact a sort of oneness.
Again (3) of quanta that have a beginning and a middle and an end,
those to which the position does not make a difference are called
totals, and those to which it does, wholes. Those which admit of
both descriptions are both wholes and totals. These are the things
whose nature remains the same after transposition, but whose form does
not, e.g. wax or a coat; they are called both wholes and totals; for
they have both characteristics. Water and all liquids and number are
called totals, but 'the whole number' or 'the whole water' one does
not speak of, except by an extension of meaning. To things, to which
qua one the term 'total' is applied, the term 'all' is applied when
they are treated as separate; 'this total number,' 'all these units
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