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. The universal causes, then, of
which we spoke do not exist. For it is the individual that is the
originative principle of the individuals. For while man is the
originative principle of man universally, there is no universal man,
but Peleus is the originative principle of Achilles, and your father
of you, and this particular b of this particular ba, though b in
general is the originative principle of ba taken without
qualification.
Further, if the causes of substances are the causes of all things,
yet different things have different causes and elements, as was
said; the causes of things that are not in the same class, e.g. of
colours and sounds, of substances and quantities, are different except
in an analogical sense; and those of things in the same species are
different, not in species, but in the sense that the causes of
different individuals are different, your matter and form and moving
cause being different from mine, while in their universal definition
they are the same. And if we inquire what are the principles or
elements of substances and relations and qualities-whether they are
the same or different-clearly when the names of the causes are used in
several senses the causes of each are the same, but when the senses
are distinguished the causes are not the same but different, except
that in the following senses the causes of all are the same. They
are (1) the same or analogous in this sense, that matter, form,
privation, and the moving cause are common to all things; and (2)
the causes of substances may be treated as causes of all things in
this sense, that when substances are removed all things are removed;
further, (3) that which is first in respect of complete reality is the
cause of all things
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