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* Prof. Wyman in Proceedings of the American Academy of Sciences,
vol. iv., 1860, p. 17.
*(2) Owen, Anatomy of Vertebrates, vol. i., p. 533.
*(3) Die Grosshirnwindungen des Menschen 1868, s. 95.
*(4) Anatomy of Vertebrates, vol. ii., p. 553.
*(5) Proc. Soc. Nat. Hist., Boston, 1863, vol. ix., p. 185.
*(6) Man's Place in Nature, p. 65.
Rudiments. This subject, though not intrinsically more important
than the two last, will for several reasons be treated here more
fully.* Not one of the higher animals can be named which does not bear
some part in a rudimentary condition; and man forms no exception to
the rule. Rudimentary organs must be distinguished from those that are
nascent; though in some cases the distinction is not easy. The
former are either absolutely useless, such as the mammee of male
quadrupeds, or the incisor teeth of ruminants which never cut
through the gums; or they are of such slight service to their
present possessors, that we can hardly suppose that they were
developed under the conditions which now exist. Organs in this
latter state are not strictly rudimentary, but they are tending in
this direction. Nascent organs, on the other hand, though not fully
developed, are of high service to their possessors, and are capable of
further development. Rudimentary organs are eminently variable; and
this is partly intelligible, as they are useless, or nearly useless,
and consequently are no longer subjected to natural selection
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