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. For all fishes have a
gall-bladder; and in most of them it is attached to the intestine,
being in some, as in the Amia, united with this, like a border,
along its whole length. It is similarly placed in most serpents
There are therefore no good grounds for the view entertained by some
writers, that the gall exists for the sake of some sensory action. For
they say that its use is to affect that part of the soul which is
lodged in the neighbourhood of the liver, vexing this part when it
is congealed, and restoring it to cheerfulness when it again flows
free. But this cannot be. For in some animals there is absolutely no
gall-bladder at all--in the horse, for instance, the mule, the ass,
the deer, and the roe; and in others, as the camel, there is no
distinct bladder, but merely small vessels of a biliary character.
Again, there is no such organ in the seal, nor, of purely sea-animals,
in the dolphin. Even within the limits of the same genus, some animals
appear to have and others to be without it. Such, for instance, is the
case with mice; such also with man. For in some individuals there is a
distinct gall-bladder attached to the liver, while in others there
is no gall-bladder at all. This explains how the existence of this
part in the whole genus has been a matter of dispute. For each
observer, according as he has found it present or absent in the
individual cases he has examined, has supposed it to be present or
absent in the whole genus
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