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The Empress Dowager had been spending the hot season at the
Summer Palace, and during the two months and more that the
Emperor had been struggling with his reform measures, she gave no
indication, either by word or deed, that she was opposed to
anything that he had done. And I think that all her acts, from
that time till the close of the Boxer insurrection, can be
explained without placing her in opposition to his theories of
progress and reform.
So long as the Emperor devoted himself to the creation of new
offices he found little active opposition on the part of the
conservatives, while the reformers did everything in their power
to encourage him. The extent of the movement it is not easy to
estimate. It opened up the intensely anti-foreign province of
Hupeh, and transformed it into a section where railroads were to
be built connecting the north with the south. It opened up the
great mining province of Shansi and the lumber regions of
Manchuria. It started railroads which are now lines of trade for
the whole empire.
When he issued the fifth edict substituting Western science for
the literary essay in the great examinations, letters and
telegrams began to pour in upon us at the Peking University from
all parts of the empire, asking us to reserve room for the
senders in the school. Their tuition was enclosed in their
letters, and among those who came were the grandson of the
Emperor's tutor, graduates of various degrees, men of rank, and
the sons of wealthy gentlemen who had not yet obtained degrees
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