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. Other things, if they have a quality that is in form one and
same-e.g. whiteness-in a greater or less degree, are called like
because their form is one. Other things are called like if the
qualities they have in common are more numerous than those in which
they differ-either the qualities in general or the prominent
qualities; e.g. tin is like silver, qua white, and gold is like
fire, qua yellow and red.
Evidently, then, 'other' and 'unlike' also have several
meanings. And the other in one sense is the opposite of the same (so
that everything is either the same as or other than everything
else). In another sense things are other unless both their matter
and their definition are one (so that you are other than your
neighbour). The other in the third sense is exemplified in the objects
of mathematics. 'Other or the same' can therefore be predicated of
everything with regard to everything else-but only if the things are
one and existent, for 'other' is not the contradictory of 'the
same'; which is why it is not predicated of non-existent things (while
'not the same' is so predicated). It is predicated of all existing
things; for everything that is existent and one is by its very
nature either one or not one with anything else.
The other, then, and the same are thus opposed. But difference
is not the same as otherness. For the other and that which it is other
than need not be other in some definite respect (for everything that
is existent is either other or the same), but that which is
different is different from some particular thing in some particular
respect, so that there must be something identical whereby they
differ
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