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In general, it is absurd to make the fact that the things of
this earth are observed to change and never to remain in the same
state, the basis of our judgement about the truth. For in pursuing the
truth one must start from the things that are always in the same state
and suffer no change. Such are the heavenly bodies; for these do not
appear to be now of one nature and again of another, but are
manifestly always the same and share in no change.
Further, if there is movement, there is also something moved,
and everything is moved out of something and into something; it
follows that that that which is moved must first be in that out of
which it is to be moved, and then not be in it, and move into the
other and come to be in it, and that the contradictory statements
are not true at the same time, as these thinkers assert they are.
And if the things of this earth continuously flow and move in
respect of quantity-if one were to suppose this, although it is not
true-why should they not endure in respect of quality? For the
assertion of contradictory statements about the same thing seems to
have arisen largely from the belief that the quantity of bodies does
not endure, which, our opponents hold, justifies them in saying that
the same thing both is and is not four cubits long. But essence
depends on quality, and this is of determinate nature, though quantity
is of indeterminate
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