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Again, the bifurcations must be opposites, like White and Black,
Straight and Bent; and if we characterize one branch by either term,
we must characterize the other by its opposite, and not, for
example, characterize one branch by a colour, the other by a mode of
progression, swimming for instance.
Furthermore, living beings cannot be divided by the functions common
to body and soul, by Flying, for instance, and Walking, as we see them
divided in the dichotomies already referred to. For some groups,
Ants for instance, fall under both divisions, some ants flying while
others do not. Similarly as regards the division into Wild and Tame;
for it also would involve the disruption of a species into different
groups. For in almost all species in which some members are tame,
there are other members that are wild. Such, for example, is the
case with Men, Horses, Oxen, Dogs in India, Pigs, Goats, Sheep; groups
which, if double, ought to have what they have not, namely,
different appellations; and which, if single, prove that Wildness
and Tameness do not amount to specific differences. And whatever
single element we take as a basis of division the same difficulty will
occur.
The method then that we must adopt is to attempt to recognize the
natural groups, following the indications afforded by the instincts of
mankind, which led them for instance to form the class of Birds and
the class of Fishes, each of which groups combines a multitude of
differentiae, and is not defined by a single one as in dichotomy
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