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In the summer of 1898 therefore he sent out an edict to the
effect that: "Our scholars are now without solid and practical
education; our artisans are without scientific instructors; when
compared with other countries WE SOON SEE HOW WEAK WE ARE. DOES
ANY ONE THINK THAT OUR TROOPS ARE AS WELL DRILLED OR AS WELL LED
AS THOSE OF THE FOREIGN ARMIES? OR THAT WE CAN SUCCESSFULLY STAND
AGAINST THEM? Changes must be made to accord with the necessities
of the times. . . . Keeping in mind the morals of the sages and
wise men, we must make them the basis on which to build newer and
better structures. WE MUST SUBSTITUTE MODERN ARMS AND WESTERN
ORGANIZATION FOR OUR OLD REGIME; WE MUST SELECT OUR MILITARY
OFFICERS ACCORDING TO WESTERN METHODS OF MILITARY EDUCATION; we
must establish elementary and high schools, colleges and
universities, in accordance with those of foreign countries; we
must abolish the Wen-chang (literary essay) and obtain a
knowledge of ancient and modern world-history, a right conception
of the present-day state of affairs, with special reference to
the governments and institutions of the countries of the five
great continents; and we must understand their arts and
sciences."
The effect of this edict was to cause hundreds of thousands of
young aspirants for office to put aside the classics and unite in
establishing reform clubs in many of the provincial capitals,
open ports, and prefectural cities
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