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This same procedure is to be followed in examination of
candidates for office."
And now notice another phase of this same edict. "The old methods
of gaining military degrees by trial of strength with stone
weights, agility with the sword, or marksmanship with the bow on
foot or on horseback, ARE OF NO USE TO MEN IN THE ARMY, WHERE
STRATEGY AND MILITARY SCIENCE ARE THE SINE QUA NON TO OFFICE, and
hence they should be done away with forever." It is, as it was
with Kuang Hsu, the strengthening of the army she has in mind in
her first efforts at reform, that she may be able to back up with
war-ships and cannon, if necessary, her refusal to allow Italy or
any other European power to filch, without reason or excuse, the
territory of her ancestors.
September 12, 1901, she issued another edict commanding that "all
the colleges in the empire should be turned into schools of
Western learning; each provincial capital should have a
university like that in Peking, whilst all the schools in the
prefectures and districts are to be schools or colleges of the
second or third class," neither more nor less than a restatement
of the edict of July 10, 1898, as issued by the deposed Emperor,
except that she confined it to the schools without taking the
temples.
September 17, 1901, she ordered "the viceroys and governors of
other provinces to follow the example of Liu Kun-yi of Liang
Kiang, Chang Chih-tung of Hukuang, and Kuei Chun (Manchu) of
Szechuan, in sending young men of scholastic promise abroad to
study any branch of Western science or art best suited to their
tastes, that in time they may return to China and place the
fruits of their knowledge at the service of the empire
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