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., the simple bodies; second plants and their parts, and
animals and the parts of animals; and finally the physical universe
and its parts; while some particular schools say that Forms and the
objects of mathematics are substances. But there are arguments which
lead to the conclusion that there are other substances, the essence
and the substratum. Again, in another way the genus seems more
substantial than the various spccies, and the universal than the
particulars. And with the universal and the genus the Ideas are
connected; it is in virtue of the same argument that they are
thought to be substances. And since the essence is substance, and
the definition is a formula of the essence, for this reason we have
discussed definition and essential predication. Since the definition
is a formula, and a formula has parts, we had to consider also with
respect to the notion of 'part', what are parts of the substance and
what are not, and whether the parts of the substance are also parts of
the definition. Further, too, neither the universal nor the genus is a
substance; we must inquire later into the Ideas and the objects of
mathematics; for some say these are substances as well as the sensible
substances.
But now let us resume the discussion of the generally recognized
substances. These are the sensible substances, and sensible substances
all have matter. The substratum is substance, and this is in one sense
the matter (and by matter I mean that which, not being a 'this'
actually, is potentially a 'this'), and in another sense the formula
or shape (that which being a 'this' can be separately formulated), and
thirdly the complex of these two, which alone is generated and
destroyed, and is, without qualification, capable of separate
existence; for of substances completely expressible in a formula
some are separable and some are separable and some are not
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