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. For they have to serve not only for
respiration, but also for vocal purposes; and an instrument that is to
produce sounds must necessarily be not only smooth but firm. The
windpipe lies in front of the oesophagus, although this position
causes it to be some hindrance to the latter in the act of
deglutition. For if a morsel of food, fluid or solid, slips into it by
accident, choking and much distress and violent fits of coughing
ensue. This must be a matter of astonishment to any of those who
assert that it is by the windpipe that an animal imbibes fluid. For
the consequences just mentioned occur invariably, whenever a
particle of food slips in, and are quite obvious. Indeed on many
grounds it is ridiculous to say that this is the channel through which
animals imbibe fluid. For there is no passage leading from the lung to
the stomach, such as the oesophagus which we see leading thither
from the mouth. Moreover, when any cause produces sickness and
vomiting, it is plain enough when the fluid is discharged. It is
manifest also that fluid, when swallowed, does not pass directly
into the bladder and collect there, but goes first into the stomach.
For, when red wine is taken, the dejections of the stomach are seen to
be coloured by its dregs; and such discoloration has been even seen on
many occasions inside the stomach itself, in cases where there have
been wounds opening into that organ
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